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\ l 0> \a /_ _ i A k -L 

LA * j . War & &t>T 

n 


REPORT 


OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 


ON INDIAN AFFAIRS. 


Department of War, 

February 3d , 1826. 

The condition of the aborigines of this country, and their Condition of 
future destiny, have long engaged the attention of the philoso- tlie 
pher and statesman, inspiring an interest correspondent to the desiinv.' 
high importance of the subject. The history of the past pre¬ 
sents but little on which the recollection lingers with satisfac¬ 
tion. The future is not more cheering, unless resort be speedily 
had to other counsels than those by which we have heretofore 
been governed. From the first discovery of America to the pre¬ 
sent time, one master passion, common to all mankind, that of 
acquiring land, has driven, in ceaseless succession, the white man 
on the Indian. The latter, reluctantly yielding to a force he 
could not resist, has retired from the ocean to the mountains, 
and from the mountains t«» more inhospitable recesses, wasting 
away by suffering, and by wars, foreign and intestine, till a wretch¬ 
ed fragment only survives, of the numerous hordes once inhabit¬ 
ing this country, whose portion is to brood in grief over their 
past misfortunes, or to look in despair on the approaching catas¬ 
trophe of their impending doom.* 

It were now an unprofitable task to inquire, on what principle Principle on. 
the nations of Europe were justified in dispossessing the original djjjjj,"! 

proprietor of his birthright. They brought with them their own sessed of their 
maxims, which recognised power as the only standard of right, ught. 
and fraud and force as perfectly legitimate in the acquisition of 
territory. It has been done, and time has confirmed the act. 

* The whole number of Indians within the United States is estimated, in 
round numbers, at 300.000; of whom 120.0^0 reside in the states and ter¬ 
ritories 




-V 


v\\ 



In the contest for dominion, the milder qualities of justice and 
/•clemency were disregarded. Hut that contest has long since ceas- 
the C U severed, especially in the United States, where, on the one side, are 
the Indians, seen a great people, familiar with arts and arms, whose energies 
are increased by union, and directed by an efficient government, 
on the other, a few ignorant and divided tribes of barbarians. It 
is necessary only for the former to express its will, to receive or 
enforce immediate submission frpm the latter. The suggestions 
of policy or necessity should no longer stifle the claims of justice 
and humanity. It is now, therefoie, that a most solemn question 
addresses itself to the American people, and whose answer is full 
Responsibility of responsibility. Shall we go on quietly in a course, which, 
of the govern- judging from the past, threatens their extinction, while their past 
sue"!’jnst^and sufferings and future prospects so pathetically appeal to our com- 
huniane policy, passion? The responsibility to which I refer, is what a nation 
owes to itself, to its future character in all time to come. For, 
next to the means of self-defence, and the blessings of free go¬ 
vernment, stands, in point of importance, the character of a na¬ 
tion. Its distinguishing characteristics should be, justice and 
moderation. To spare the weak is its brightest ornament. It 
is, therefore, a source of the highest gratification, that an oppor¬ 
tunity is now offered the United States to practise these maxims, 
and give an example of the triumph of liberal principles, over 
that sordid selfishness which has been the fruitful spring of hu¬ 
man calamity. 

It is the province of history to commit to its pages the transac- 
Impartiality of tions of nations. Posterity look to this depository with the most 
intense interest. The fair fame of their ancestors, a most pre¬ 
cious in heritage, is to them equally a source of pride, and a mo¬ 
tive of continued good actions. But she performs her province 
with impartiality. The authority she exercises in the absence of 
others, is a check on bad ride. The tj'rant and the oppressor see. 
in the character of their prototypes, the sentence posterity is pre¬ 
paring for them. Which side of the picture shall we elect ? for 
the decision is left to ourselves. Shall her record transmit the 
present race to future generations, as standing by, insensible to 
the progress of the desolation which threatens the remnant of this 
people, or shall these unfriendly characters give place to a gener¬ 
ous effort which shall have been made to save them from destruc¬ 
tion. While deliberating on this solemn question, 1 would appeal 
to that high Providence, whose delight is justice and mercy, and 
take counsel from the oracles of his will, revealed to man, in his 
terrible denunciations against the oppressor. 

reviewing the past, justice requires that the humane attempts 
" e r p W o.i7 v t or° f th<1 Federal Government, coeval with its origin, should receive 
the government honorable notice. 1 hat they have essent ially failed, the sad 
*nd its effects, experience of every day but too strongly testifies'. If the original 
plan, conceived in the spirit of benevolence, had not been fated 
to encounter that as yet unabated desire to bereave them of their 
lands, it would, perhaps, have realized much of the hopes of its 
friends. So long, however, as that desire continues to direct our 




3 


councils, every attempt must fail. A cursory review is all that 
is necessary to show the incongruity of the measures we have 
pursued, and the cause tf their failure. 

Missionaries are sent among thmi to enlighten their minds, by 
imbuing them with religious impressions. Schools have been es¬ 
tablished by the aid of private, as well as public donations, for 
the instruction of their youths. They have been persuaded to 
abandon ilie chase—to locate themselves, and become cultivators 
of the soil—implements of husbandry, and domestic animals, 
have been presented to them ; and all these things have been done, 
accompanied with professions of a disinterested solicitude for 
their happiness. Yielding to these temptations, some of them 
have reclaimed the forest, planted their orchards, and erected 
houses, not only for their abode, hut for the administration of 
justice, and for religious worship. And when they have so done, 
you send your agent to tell them they must surrender their coun¬ 
try to the white man, and recommit themselves to some new de¬ 
sert, and substitute as the means of their subsistence the precarious 
chase for the certainty of cultivation. The love of our native 
land is implanted in every human bosom, whether he roams the 
wilderness, or is found in the highest state of civilization. This 
attachment increases with the comforts of our country, and is 
strongest when these comforts are the fruits of our own exertions. 

We have imparted this feeling to many of the tribes by our own 
measures. Can it be matter of surprise, that th-y hear, with un¬ 
mixed indignation, of what seems to them our ruthless purpose of 
expelling them from their country, thus endeared ? They see that 
our professions are insincere—that our promises have been bro¬ 
ken ; that the happiness of the Indian is a cheap sacrifice to the 
acquisition of new lands ; and when attempted to be soothed by 
an assurance that the country to which we propose to send them 
is desirable, they emphatically ask us, what new pledges can you 
give us that we shall not again be exiled when it is your wish to 
possess these lands ? It is easier to state than to answer this ques¬ 
tion. A regard to consistency, apart from every other considera¬ 
tion, requires a change of measures. Either let him retain and 
enjoy his home,"'or, if he is to be driven from it, abstain from 
cherishing illusions we mean to disappoint, and thereby make 
him to feel more sensibly the extent of his loss. Review of the 

Having pointed out the incongruities of this system, so unhap- modern plane 
pily organized that it contains within itself the causes of its own of removing the 
abortion, I proceed to review the more modern plans of removing }j t JliisSSppi. 
the different tribes from the east to the west of the Mississippi. 

That this plan originated in that benevolence for which its author 
is so distinguished, is cheerfully admitted, hut that it, tot), is ob¬ 
noxious to many objections, 1 fear, is no less true. The first ob¬ 
jection is the impracticability of its execution, if that is to depend 
on treaties alone. Some of the tribes in whose removal we are 
most deeply concerned, have peremptorily refused to abandon 
their native land Those who may be persuaded to emigrate, will 
carry with them the same internal feuds which are so destructive to 


4 


their kind, and lor which no remedy is proposed. Different tribes 
are to be placed in juxtaposition without a controling power be¬ 
tween which hereditary and implacable hostilities have raged, 
and which are not likely to be appeased, till the one or the other 
is exterminated. But, these difficulties surmounted, in what rela¬ 
tion are they to stand to the United States? The history of every 
age teaches us how difficult it has been to maintain tranquillity be* 
tween coterminous and independent states—though civilized. 
How must that difficulty be increased, when one of the parties is 
savage? Thefts and murders, and numberless causes of discord, 
must inevitably precipitate collisions which cannot but prove fatal 
to the weaker party. And the same propensity which has con¬ 
ducted the white population to the remote regions they now oc¬ 
cupy, will continue to propel the tide, till it is arrested only by 
the distant shores of the Pacific. Before this resistless current, 
the Indian must retire till his name will be no more. It would be, 
however, worse than useless to waste your time in multiplying ob¬ 
jections to existing plans—I have therefore, supposing it to be 
within the duty assigned me by the committee, submitted the pro- 
Project of a bill ject of a bill, with such provisions as 1 think, under all the cir- 
submitted. cumstances, are best calculated to effect the desired object. 

In performing the service assigned by the committee, whose 
wishes alone would have been a sufficient inducement on my part 
to render a cheerful compliance, I have a further reason—a desire 
to comply with the requests of the people of the United States 
Extinguish* residing in the neighborhood of Indian settlements. The depart¬ 
ment of Indian ment is continually pressed with applications, from New-York to 
c^lt^T effect" Arkansas, to adopt measures to extinguish the Indian titles to 
ing ^b/trea* their lands, and remove the Indians. An unavailing attempt to 
ties. obtain a cession of their lands is sometimes ascribed by the dis¬ 

appointed to ignorance, or a want of zeal, or some worse motive 
on the part of agents employed—and new attempts to negotiate 
are solicited with unabated importunity. The obstinacy of the 
Indians, arising from their partial civilization, whose removal we 
most wish, fully equals the zeal of those who wish to procure 
their lands—and hence, an insuperable difficulty presents itself 
of effecting, by treaties, the object which is so desirable, of put¬ 
ting an end to this fruitful source of collision. 

Plan not free \ am not arrogant enough to suppose that it is free from all ob- 
.romobjections, j ect j ons For I am aware that no plan, which human ingenuity 
could suggest, would be altogether exempt, as the subject is en¬ 
compassed on every side with difficulties. The utmost reach of my 
hopes is limited to a diminution of these difficulties, both in num¬ 
ber and extent. It is only by comparison I am satisfied that my 
scheme can solicit a preference. I submit the outlines of the bill, 
the principles of which are the following: 

First. The country west of the Mississippi, and beyond the 
Outlines of the states anc | territories, and so much on the east of the Mississippi 
as lies west of lakes Huron and Michigan, is to be set apart for 
their exclusive abode. 


Secondly. Their removal by individuals, in contradistinction 
to tribes. 

Thirdly. A territorial government to be maintained by the 
United States. 

Fourthly. If circumstances shall eventually justify it, the ex¬ 
tinction ot tribes, and their amalgamation into one mass, and a 
distribution ot property among the individuals. 

I 1 iiihly. It leaves the condition of those that remain unalter¬ 
ed. 

In offering a few remarks upon these different heads, I beg to Remarks, 
call the attention ot the committee to the leading principle of the 
bill, namely: That nothing is proposed to be done, in re f erence q oi sent 0 f ( j l8 
to the Indians, without their otvn consent. In making this a pre- i^ians. ° ** 

liminary to our acting, 1 have been influenced rather by a desire 
to relieve the proposed plan from objections, than from any set¬ 
tled conviction of its necessity. The relations between the Unit-Authority of 
ed States and the Indians are so entirely peculiar, that it is ex- 
tremely difficult to refer to any well settled principles by which °' er 1 
to ascertain the extent of our authority over them. Our ances¬ 
tors, as well as every European nation that seized upon their 
country, denounced them as heathens, utterly out of the pale of 
civilized society, and, as a conseqnence^disposed of them accord¬ 
ing to their will and pleasure. From the adoption of the federal 
government, however, they were regarded, to some extent, as an 
independent people. Hence, treaties were made with them for 
a surrender of the usufruct of their lands. On the other hand, 
they were denied the exercise of this right as it respects other na¬ 
tions, and were even restrained from selling their lands to our own 
citizens. And beside regulating their trade, Congress went so 
far as to punish, by the decisions of our own courts, for offences 
committed within or without their own territories. In forbearing 
to go further, it is left to conjecture, whether it arose from a want 
of authority, or the expediency of exercising it. To avoid, there¬ 
fore, any difficulty which different opinions might produce on this 
point, their consent has been made necessary by the bill, as a re¬ 
quisite to its operation. 

The first provision looks to the procurement of a country for Country for the 
future residence beyond the settlements of the whites. ^ ortu " theT/ 

irately, that object can be easily effected. In adopting the limits dians, 
prescribed in the bill, I have pursued the plan heretofore propos¬ 
ed. In including, the lands as a part lying between lakes Michi¬ 
gan and Huron, and the river Mississippi, I have been governed 
as well by the above consideration, as the fact that it is now in the 
occupancy of the Indians, and, from its natural features, is not 
desirable at present for the habitation of our citizens. 

The principal recommendation of this plan, next to the advan- 
tages to be gained by ourselves, is, that the future residence of possess^tolie 
these people will be forever undisturbed—that there, at least, they guarantied to 
will find a home and a resting place. And being exclusively un- g leraby tlie L 
der the control of the United States, and, consequently, free from 
the rival claims of any of the states, the former may plight its 


6 


Removal by 
paities less 
than tribes. 


to the 
dent. 


most solemn faith that it shall be theirs forever, and this guarantee 
is therefore given. 

The second provision referred to is that of effecting their re¬ 
moval by portions less than whole tribes, when the latter is im¬ 
practicable. Some of the tribes, in whose immediate removal we 
are particularly interested, have expressed a fixed determination 
against an exchange of their lands. This difficulty is said to arise 
from the influence of their chiefs, who have appropriated the most 
fertile lands to themselves, and have become wealthy. Their con¬ 
sent to remove cannot be obtained ; but the majority, or large 
portions of the tribe who have no such inducement to remain, it 
is asserted by those who know, or pretend to know their wishes, 
may be persuaded to emigrate. By the proposed plan the fact 
can be ascertained, and whatever portion may be willing to go, 
will, under this provision, be removed. 

The third object of the bill is, the establishment of a territorial 
for g overnment hy l * ie United States for their protection and their ci- 
the Indians. vilization. The bill proposes a governor, three judges, and a se¬ 
cretary, to be appointed by the President, with the advice and 
consent of the Senate, and such modifications in detail as the 
President shall ordain, subject to the approbation of Congress. 

I have already intimated, in a former part of this report, the 
of^the govern- consec l uences sen ding the Indians to the country destined for 
ment to be left their final abode, without some controling authority. Without this, 
Presi- they will be exposed to endless mischiefs. It is not necessary to 
prescribe particularly in the bill their government. Its organiza¬ 
tion may be safely deposited in the hands of the President, subject 
to the control of Congress. 1 will, nevertheless suggest, that, as 
soon as the civilization of the Indians would admit of it, I would 
give them a legislative body, composed of Indians to be selected 
in the early stages by the President, and eventually to be elected 
by themselves, as well for the purpose of enacting such laws as 
would be agreeable to themselves, as for the purpose of exciting 
their ambition. Distinction being the object of universal pursuit 
with man, whether barbarous or civilized, it is presented to the 
Indians in this scheme. They will be taught that there is another 
road to it than through blood and slaughter. The objection on 
the part of the most intelligent, to an amalgamation with the 
whites, is, that they can never rise to offices of trust and profit.— 
Here this difficulty will be removed. In time, let us indulge the 
hope, that they will be competent to self-government, when they 
may be left entirely to themselves, and when, in consequence, 
their ambition will find its proper theatre, and be gratified ; then 
none will have any adequate motive to remain among the whites. 

A fourth object of the bill is, the division of their lands in such 
manner, and at such times, as the President may think proper.— 
The object of this provision is, to give the power to the President, 
when, in his judgment, circumstances will justify it, to distribute 
the land among the individuals by metes and bounds, in contra¬ 
distinction to its being held in common by a tribe. Nothing, it is 
believed, has had a more injurious influence on our efforts to im- 


Division of 
lands. 



7 


prove the condition of the Indians, than holding their land in 
common. Whether such a system may succeed on a very limited 
scale, when under a beneficent patriarchal authority, is yet to be 
ascertained. Past experience has left the strongest evidence 
against its practicability under less favorable auspices. The at¬ 
tempt of that kind in the first settlement of Virginia, and, I be¬ 
lieve, in the early settlements elsewhere, conducted the colonists 
to the very brink of ruin, from which they were rescued only by 
abandoning it. The distribution of the soil, and the individuali¬ 
ty imparted to the avails of its cultivation, history informs us, in¬ 
stantly gave a new and favorable aspect to their condition. How 
far the Strong motives of human action may be modified by edu¬ 
cation and habit, may be left in the hands of the speculative phi¬ 
lanthropists. The only safe rule for governments is, to act on 
human nature as it is, and conform its changes of policy to new, 
but well ascertained developments. If, therefore, the position be 
a just one, that every attempt at a community of property has 
eventuated unsuccessfully, even with civilized man, it is no mat¬ 
ter of wonder that it should have been equally so with the sax age. 

To the lands thus granted, add liberally all that is necessary to 
enable them effectually to succeed in their new condition—imple¬ 
ments of husbandry, mechanics for repairing them, domestic ani¬ 
mals, and supplies of food. By directing a part of the funds at 
present paid for annuities, judiciously, under proper agents, to be 
appointed by the United States, and as long as necessity required 
it, the Indians might be brought, by degrees, to a love of civilized 
life, and be reconciled to the performance of its duties. And al¬ 
though the difficulty of inducing him to labor is duly appreciat¬ 
ed, yet, when its benefits are onCe realized in the individuality of 
its productions, and by increasing his comforts, the hope can 
scarcely be deemed desperate which places him under the same 
influences as the white man. I refer to the document B,* as dis- *See thisdocu- 
closing/interesting information on this branch of the subject. The fo,, ° win E 
principle fixed, the time of its application to different tribes might tHS r ** ,0,t 
be left to the discretion of the President, who, in its exercise, 
would conform to circumstances, commencing with those most 
convenient and most civilized, and cautiously extending its appli¬ 
cation till the whole be embraced. The money we annually ex¬ 
pend on our Indian relations, and frequently not very profitably 
to them, from the manner of their appropriating it, would furnish 
an ample fund to meet any p' obable expense arising from the ex¬ 
ecution of this plan. By reference to document A,t it will be ^ u x r P |jJ* a ° n t 
seen that this year we have had to pay for this object $781,827 relations, 

14. 

To those advantages may be added the consideration, that, Advantages of 
after an individual distribution, the effort of the whites to dispos- * e “ p *| 
sess them of their lands thus held, must cease. The individual p 
appropriation of land gives a sanctit}^ to the title which inspires 


t See note in relation to this document, preceding document B. above re¬ 
ferred to. 




8 


respect in nations the most barbarous. It would repress, with us. 
any thought of disturbing it. When this is effected, their distinc¬ 
tion of tribes may easily be abolished, and the whole consolidat¬ 
ed into one great family. And lastly, the bill leaves those that 
remain to the wisdom and justice of posterity. If, as is believed, 
the number disposed to emigrate is comparatively great, those 
that remain will be so few that their condition may be regulated 
without committing violence on their wishes or their interests, 
and yet reconciling their residence with the prosperity of the 
whites. It is obvious, from causes that need not be enumerated, 
they must soon surrender their distinction of race for the resem¬ 
blance of the white man, and accept, as an equivalent, the bles¬ 
sings which that resemblance cannot fail to bring with it—a peace¬ 
ful but sure remedy, which may be safely left to time alone to pro¬ 
duce. 

Eui ro osed ^ VV >M add, that the end proposed is the happiness of the In- 
the' happiness dians—the instrument of its accomplishment—their progressive, 
of the Indians, and finally, their complete civilization. The obstacles to success 
are their ignorance, their prejudices, their repugnance to labor, 
their wandering propensities, and the uncertainty of the future. I 
would endeavor to overcome these by schools; by a distribution 
of laud in individual right; by a permanent social establishment 
which should require the performance of social duties; by assign¬ 
ing them a country of which they are never to be bereaved, and 
cherishing them with parental kindness. 

Good results In looking to the possible results of this plan, I am cheered 
anticipated. with the hope that much good may be effected with comparative¬ 
ly little injury. Our difficulties in their present form will be di¬ 
minished, or entirely removed. The desire to acquire Indian 
lands will cease, and no longer produce collisions. The Indians 
will at last know their lot with certainty. That many will avail 
themselves of this arrangement so as to arrive at the blessings of 
civilization, I think there can be no reasonable doubt; that all 
will not, I readily admit. The imprudent of our own people are 
equally beyond the reach of legislative protection. 

Consolation of To this may be added the consolation furnished by the recol- 
having fulfilled lection, that, in the efforts we had made, we had acquitted our- 
ourduty. selves of a debt of justice and humanity; and if they should even 
fail by the overruling influence of an inscrutable destiny, whose 
fulfilment requires their extinction, however it may fill us with 
sorrow, we shall be relieved from remorse. 

Respectfully submitted. 

JAMES BARBOUR 


9 


[Document A, referred to in the foregoing report of the Secretary of War, 
being a statement of disbursements in the Indian Depariment, applicable 
only to the year 1825, under the different heads of apppropriation, the 
amount of which ($781,827 14) is given in the repoit,—it is deemed unne¬ 
cessary to insert it here.] 


B. 

Department of War, 

Office of Indian Affairs , December 13, 1825. 

Hon. James Barbour, 

Secretary of War. 

Sir : I now proceed to report upon the remaining parts of your 
directions of the 3d October last, to wit : “The effects, as alrea- 
“ dy developed, of the present system for civilizing the Indians, 

“ and its probable and ulterior consequences upon them as a race, 

“ viewed both in relation to their present situation and that which 
a contemplates their future and permanent residence upon lands 
“ west of the Mississippi.” 

The effects of the present system for civilizing the Indians are, Favorable et 
every where, within the limits of its operations, salutary. The fectsof thepre 
reports from the schools all testify to its excellence. Its supe- 
riority over all other plans for their improvement, and its exact C1VI iza ,on ‘ 
adaptation to the end for which it was devised, will appear by 
comparing it with other efforts heretofore made for the accom¬ 
plishment of the same benevolent object, and by a more detail¬ 
ed exposition of the consequences which are flowing from those 
now making. 

The wise and the good have never ceased, from the earliest pe- Efforts to intro* 
riods of our intercourse with the aborigines of this country, to fhe fndian^hf 
attempt, in one form or other, their rescue from barbarism, and arts Q f c i v iii 7 .- 
to introduce among them the conveniences and the blessings of <*1 life 
civilized life. But those kiud designs were limited in their oper¬ 
ations, and partial in their effects; so much so, indeed, as to con¬ 
firm in many, and even in some who were reluctant to admit a 
conclusion involving such distressing consequences, the belief 
that the aborigines of America were incapable of receiving and 
of practising the lessons of civilization ! But this problem has 
since been solved; and these failures are now known to have 
been occasioned by existing and long established habits, and 
(which are no less difficult to subdue where they strike deep ill 
the white man, than in the Indian) to the game which every 
where abounded in their native forest; to the interminable war 
which avarice has waged against them, and to the defects in the 
plans which were resorted to for their enlightening and reforma¬ 
tion. The most that was accomplished by the missionaries of 
those earlier and interesting periods, was to reform, comparative¬ 
ly, a few Indians, and control, in some degree, the savage feroci¬ 
ty of others : maintain and keep alive the spirit of kindness to* 


Causes of the 
want of great¬ 
er success. 


% 


Cherokees 
more civilized 
than other 
tribes. 


10 

wards them, and secure to themselves, as laborers in a cause so 
holy, an enviable immortality. 

It is now easy to see at least some of the causes of their want 
of more abundant success. I will notice but one : that, however, 
next to the want of means and of teachers, is a principal one, 
and upon which all the rest, in a great degree, depended. Instead 
of instructing the Indians in a knowledge of the language of the 
country, and, by means of that mighty instrument, making ave¬ 
nues for their direct approach to, and inteicourse with, the whites, 
and for their immediate acquaintance with the arts and conve¬ 
niences ef cultivated life, the missionaries adopted the plan of first 
learning the Indian language, and, by means of it, conveyed their 
instructions to them. They moreover confined themselves chief¬ 
ly to lessons of morality and virtue. It is true, that, without the 
practice of these, no people, whether civilized or savage, can at¬ 
tain to the excellences of which our nature is capable, yet it is 
equally true, that the savage man must be instructed also in the 
arts and conveniences of cultivated life, and made to feel the su¬ 
perior benefits which are to be derived from an ownership in, and 
cultivation of, the soil, and from the social virtues, over the uncer¬ 
tain and isolated, and homeless condition of the mere hunter 
state. It was reserved for later times, if not to discover, at least 
to practise, this more practical and certain method of civilizing 
the Indians : hence the present system, whilst it maintains the 
dignity and purity of moral and religious instruction, keeps also 
in constant operation the means which are now leading so many 
Indians to an acquaintance with the domestic arts, with mechan¬ 
ics and with agriculture. It has been bv the union of these, aid¬ 
ed, it is true, by the absence of game, that the present system 
for civilizing the Indians, has, in the course of a very few years, 
produced such a striking change in the habits and practices of 
several of the tribes among whom it has been put in operation. 
Upwards of eleven hundred children, as has been shewn in my 
report *>f the 30th ultimo, are now having imparted to them, and 
successfully too, the blessings of civilized and Christian life, whilst 
the older Indians, struck with its transforming effects, are them¬ 
selves practising, to a very great extent, the lessons which they 
receive from their more fortunate offspring ; and, iu proof of their 
admiration of it, have, in many instances, contributed from their 
own scanty resources to its support. Several tribes have placed 
at the disposal of the superintendents of the schools, under the 
direction of the general government, large annuities. The Choc¬ 
taws have allotted twelve thousand dollars of their means, per an¬ 
num, f*r nearly twenty years, towards the support of this system; 
and the Chickasaws have given one year’s annuity, amounting 
to upwards of thirty thousand dollars, as a fund for the same ob¬ 
ject. 

The Cherokees on this side the Mississippi are in advance of 
all other tribes. They may be considered as a civilized people. 
Their march has been rapid. Less than thirty years ago they 
were so insensible to the conveniences of roads, as to have grown 


11 


jealous of the missionary who had entitled himself to their confi¬ 
dence, and justly too, for recommending them to open a wagon 
road from one of their villages, for the advantage of an easier in¬ 
tercourse with another. Something, it is true, had been accom¬ 
plished in the instruction of a few Cherokees in letters, and in 
the domestic arts, by the aged and venerable Moravian mission¬ 
ary, who yet resides in the Cherokee nation ; but the first school 
established there, under the present system, was in 1817. I can¬ 
not better illustrate the results of this system, than by introduc¬ 
ing here a statement of the present condition of the Cherokees, 
from the pen of a young man, a native Cherokee , who is in¬ 
debted to this system for his improvement, and who was, eight 
years ago, as he told me himself, “ a savage ” without any know¬ 
ledge of our language, or the principles of that sublime religion, 
to the cause of which he has devoted himself for the benefit of 
his countrymen. I shall not only be excused, but justified, I am 
sure, in introducing the following extracts from his letter, ad¬ 
dressed to the editor of the Family Visitor, at Richmond, in 
September last. It is truth we are in quest of, and facts are the 
best instruments for its developement. Theory, and all previously 
conceived opinions, which are adverse to Indian capacity and 
Indian improvement, must give way to the stubborn demonstra¬ 
tions of such facts as David Brown discloses, even if there were 
no others ; but there aie many such. 


Willstown, (Cherokee Nation,) Sept. 2c/, 1825. 

“ In my last letter^ from Creek Path, to you, I stated that there Extracts from 
“ was some probability of my returning to Arkansas; &c. &c. ^^® rown s 
il and referied to the improved condition of the Cherokees on this 
“ side of the Mississippi, in a moral, intellectual, and religious 
u point of view, &c.—to the slow progress I make in translating 
i( the New Testament, in consequence of the non-existence of a 
iC dictionary, or complete grammar, in Cherokee—and to the phi- 
“ lological researches of one in the nation, whose system of edu- 
:i cation had met with universal approbation, &c. 

“ Allow me, dear sir, now the pleasure to fulfil the promise I 
« made you, that I would pick up and send you what 1 had omit- 
(t ted. Recently I have been travelling a good deal in the nation, 

« in order to regain my impaired health. My heavenly sovereign 
u permitting, I expeci to return to Arkansas in the month of Oc- 
tt tuber next. I have made a hasty translation of the four Gos- 
« pels, which will require a close criticism. On my arrival at 
« Dwight, I shall pursue the delightful work, and 1 hope the day 
a is not far distant, when the Cherokees, my brethren and kin- 
a dred according to the flesh, shall read the words of eternal 
il life in their own tongue. I will here give you a faint picture of 
a the Cherokee nation and its inhabitants. In the mean time, 
jit however, it must be borne in mind, th^t it is the mass and com 


12 

Extracts, Stc. “ mon people that form the character of a nation, and not ofti- 
ti cers of government, nor the lowest grade of peasantry. 

“ The Cherokee nation, you know, is in about 35 degrees 
« north latitude; bounded on the north and west by the state of 
“ Tennessee ; on the south by Alabama, and on the east by Geor- 
« g, a and N. Carolina. This country is well watered ; abundant 
“ springs of pure water are found in every part. A range of ma¬ 
jestic and lofty mountains stretch themselves across the nation. 
“ The northern part of the nation is hilly and mountainous. In 
u the southern and western parts, there are extensive and fertile 
« plains, covered partly with tall trees, through which beautiful 
“ streams of water glide. These plains furnish immense pastur- 
“ age, and numberless herds of cattle are dispersed over them.— 
u H<»rses are plenty, and are used for servile purposes. Nutner- 
“ ous flocks of sheep, goats, and swine, cover the valleys and 
■ l hills. On Tennessee, Ustanala, and Canasagi rivers, Cherokee 
“ commerce floats. The climate is delicious and healthy; the 
“ winters are mild. The spring clothes the ground with its rich- 
“ est scenery. Cherokee flowers, of exquisite beauty and varie- 
“ gated hues, meet and fascinate the eye in every direction. In 
“ the plains and valleys, the soil is generally rich ; producing In- 
“ dian corn, cotton, tobacco, wheat, oats, indigo, sweet and Irish 
“ potatoes. The natives carry on considerable trade with the ad- 
“ joining states; and some of them export cotton in boats down 
“ the Tennessee to the Mississippi, and down that river to New 
“ Orleans. Apple and peach orchards are quite common, and 
“ gardens are cultivated, and much attention paid to them. But- 
“ ter and cheese are seen on Cherokee tables. There are many 
“ public roads in the nation, and houses of entertainment kept by 
“ natives. Numerous and flourishing villages are seen in every 
“ section of the country. Cotton and woollen cloths are manu- 
“ factured here. Blankets, of various dimensions, manufactured 
“ by Cherokee hands, are very common. Almost every family 
“ in the nation grows cotton for its own consumption. Industry 
“ and commercial enterprise are extending themselves in every 
“ part. Nearly all the merchants in the nation are native Chero- 
“ kee. Agricultural pursuits (the most solid foundation of our 
“ national prosperity) engage the chief attention of the people. 
“ Different branches in mechanics are pursued.—The population 
u is rapidly increasing. In the year 1819, an estimate was made 
“of all the Cherokees. Those on the west, were estimated at 
“ 5,000, and those on the east of Mississippi, at 10,000 souls. 
“ The census of this division of the Cherokees has again been 
“ taken within the current year, and the returns are thus made— 
“ native citizens, 13,563 ; white men married in the nation, 147; 
white women do. do. 73 ; African slaves, 1,277. If this summa- 
“ ry of Cherokee population from the census is correct, to 
“ sa£ nothing of those of foreign extract, we find that, in six 
“ years, the increase has been 3,563 souls. If we judge the fu- 
“ ture by the past, to what number will the Cherokee population 
ie swell in 1856? 


13 


“ White men in the nation enjoy all the immunities and pri- Extracts, &c. 

vileges of the Cherokee people, except that they are not eligi- 
u ble to public offices. In the above computation of the present 
‘‘ year, you perceive that there are some African slaves among 
£< us. They have been from time to time brought in and sold by 
“ white men : they are, however, generally well treated, and 
“ they much prefer living in the nation, to a residence in the 
“ United States. There is hardly any intermixture of Chero- 
“ kee and African blood. The presumption is, that the Chero- 
u kees will, at no distant day, co-operate with the humane efforts 
£t of those who are liberating and sending this proscribed race 
“ to the land ®f their fathers. National pride, patriotism, and a 
u spirit of independence, mark the Cherokee character. 

“ The Christian religion is the religion of the nation. Presby- 
“ terians, Methodists, Baptists, and Moravians, are the most num- 
u erous sects. Some of the most influential characters are mem- 
“ bers of the church, and live consistently with their professions. 

“ The whole nation is penetrated with gratitude for the aid it has 
“ received from the United States’ government, and from differ- 
“ ent religious societies. Schools are increasing every year, 

“ learning is encouraged and rewarded.—The young class ac- 
“ quire the English, and those of mature age the Cherokee sys- 
“ tern of learning. The female character is elevated and duly 
u respected. Indolence is discountenanced. Our native lan- 
t( guage, in its philosophy, genius, and symphony, is inferior to 
“ few, if any in the world. Our relations with all nations, savage 
“ or civilized, are of the most friendly character. We are out of 
“ debt, and our public revenue is in a flourishing condition. 

“ Besides the amount arising from imposts, a perpetual annuity is 
•‘due from the United States,in consideration of lands ceded in form- 
“ er periods. Our system of government, founded on republi¬ 
can principles, by which justice is equally distributed, secures 
u the respect of the people. Newtown, pleasantly situated in the 
“ centre of the nation, and at the junction of Canasagi and Gusu- 
li wati, two beautiful streams, is the seat of government. The le¬ 
gislative power is vested in what is denominated, in native dia- 
“ lect, Tsnlagi Tinilawigi , consisting of a national committee 
M and council. Members of both branches are chosen by and 
•‘ from the people, for a limited period. In Newtown, a printing 
;i press is soon to be established, also a national library and a 
‘‘ museum. Immense concourse of people frequent the seat of 
•‘ government, when Tsalagi Tinilaicigi is in session, which 
* { takes place once a year. 7 ’ 

The success which has attended the philological researches of Cherokee al- 

one in the nation, 77 and whose system of education has met, P h u a e b s ®h 

among the Cherokees, with universal approbation, certainly en- t j ve . ’ 
titles him to great consideration, and to rank with the benefac¬ 
tors of man. His name is Guess, and he is a native and unlettered 
Cherokee. Like C admits, he has given te his people the alphabet 
of their language. It is composed of eighty-six characters, by 


14 


which, in a few days, the older Indians, who had despaired of 
deriving an education by means of the schools, and who are not 
included in the axisting school system as participators of its bene¬ 
fits, may read and correspond ! I have the honor to accompany 
herewith, in paper marked C, this alphabet, together with an 
example in the word “friend ” and also the sound of each char¬ 
acter, numbered from 1 to 86. 

Frobable con- The probable and ulterior consequences, upon the Indians, 
sequence? of as a race y of the system for their civilization, whether viewed 
state of the In- relation to their present situation, or that which contem- 

<i»ans. plates their future and permanent residence upon lands west 

of the Mississippi, will partake, it is reasonable to presume, more 
or less, and according as circumstances may be favorable or 
otherwise, ef those which have already been developed. 
This is the necessary conclusion, if any regard be had to the 
effects which have already been produced. But the system, to 
be universally operative , and speedy in accomplishing the ob¬ 
jects designed by it, should be so enlarged as to embrace the 
entire body of Indian children to whose tribes it may be ex¬ 
tended. Without this, they will have to contend with opposing 
influences, and their progress will be less rapid. The exam¬ 
ples of those not embraced by it, will be necessarily felt. It 
is in the nature of man to imitate, and it being easier to imitate 
bad habits than good, the former will predominate, and espe¬ 
cially among a people where the checks arising out of public opinion, 
and which apply to social and moral actions, are less regarded than 
are those which demand the exercise of self-denial and the sterner 
virtues. Whether, therefore,the Indians maintain their present loca¬ 
tion, or emigrate west ofthe Mississippi, and there settle under some 
congenial and paternal government, as was proposed by our late 
venerable chief magistrate, it cannot be otherwise, if the present 
system for their civilization be sustained, but that they will con¬ 
tinue to derive from it effects similar to those which have been dis¬ 
closed. It is, however, in my opinion, very certain, that, should 
they retain their present location, they will, in the course of a few 
years, be lost as a race. The very improvement which is now 
making; the refinements which it creates, and the conceptions 
which it inspires, cannot, whilst they retain their present relation 
to us, but produce in them feelings of deep humiliation. It is true 
the Cherokees have a government of their own; and they aspire, 
among themselves, to places of honor and trust. But the more 
enlightened of them feel that these honors, when attained, suffer 
in the comparison with those which are bestowed in the Stales; 
or, however gratifying their attainment may be, that they are never 
free from the terrible apprehensions which arise out of the uncer¬ 
tainty of their continuing where they are. Indeed, those of them 
who have thought most upon this subject, and who feel, with the 
return of every year, the swell of the same ocean that has swept 
off so many of their tribes, breaking at their feet, have no objec¬ 
tion to pass, at once, under the laws of the states, and into perma¬ 
nent repose, except that which arises out of their apprehension 


15 


that a portion of their people are not yet prepared for it. Bui 
this portion are receiving, in their turn, the enlightening influen¬ 
ces of the system of education, and a little time only will be re¬ 
quired, so far at least as it regards the Cherokees, to destroy this 
fear, when the whole tribe will, no doubt, seek to place themselves 
under the laws of the States, and, by that act, prepare the process 
for their extinction as a race. The same may be said of the 
other tribes as they shall, in succession, advance to the same state 
of improvement. But a different result may be anticipated in re¬ 
gard to the question of their extinction or preservation as a race, 
were the entire Indian population, now within the limits of our 
states and territories, (and which does not exceed one hundred 
and thirty thousand,) collected and placed under the kind of go¬ 
vernment which has been referred to, and upon lands west of the 
Mississippi. They would be thus embodied as a separate people. 

The humiliating feelings arising out of their present relation to 
the whites, and to our government, would be changed and elevat¬ 
ed by the connexion which would be formed between them ; and 
they would be secured, as well by their separate state as by the 
power of the government under which they would live, and of 
which they would form part, from all further encroachments and 
insults, and freed from the apprehension, which is so paralyzing to 
them, of any future removal. Under such circumstances, it is rea¬ 
sonable to suppose that they would give full scope to those feel¬ 
ings which characterize them as a people, and which lead them to 
struggle so for their preservation as a race. To this day the frag¬ 
ments of tribes within the States, in the north and east, cling to 
the exterior characteristics, in their leggins and belts of wampum, 

"thus demonstrating their devotion to their race. They are not 
ashamed of their origin nor of their complexion. They glory in 
both. Remove the existing causes that operate to humiliate them 
in their own eyes, and to depress their energies; give them, under 
our laws, an assurance of protection in that western home, and a 
share in the government, and of the public honors; make them, 
in a word, part of ourselves; and their improvement, in such a 
state, under the existing system for their civilization, so far from 
producing their extinction, es a people, would tend to their prt- 
servation as a race. 

The question of policy, as to which of those measures would Question o! 
conduce most to the public welfare and the happiness and pros- P olic y 
perity of the Indians, and which now presents itself, is left for 
discussion to those who are more competent to it. But the age, 

I may be permitted to add, in which it is our happiness to live, 
has, by its enlightening and humanizing influences, decided that 
mercy shall rule, and liberality and kindness minister to these 
unfortunate people, in whatever relation it may be determined 
they are to stand to us. 

I have the honor to be, 

With great respect, 

Your obedient servant, 

THO. L. McKENNEY. 


16 


c. 


Chevokee al¬ 
phabet, by 
Guess,a native; 
referred to in 
the preceding 
document, B. 


~RD WfrCtJ cQPJP cA> ty y $ Z> 
jp 05 A/ cP & UP -23 ^ f V 

cPji GJFAdTxF 4 & 6 Y u> 
tr pp/ % 3 C? &7L 'P A Ji $ Z& 
® &9 </S < 1 * ^ & 

(? r ^ 

p-2) J> in 4 c£> a Sri* £ ^ 


cf Oi 




i. A short. 

30. Tsoo. 

69. Naa. 

2. A broad. 

31. Maugh. 

60. 

Loh. 

3. Lah. 

32. Seh. 

6l. 

Yu. 

4. Tsee. 

33. Saugh. 

62 . 

Tseh. 

5. Nah. 

34. Cleegh. 

63. 

Tee. 

6. Weeh. 

35. Queegh. 

64 . 

Wahn. 

7. Weh. 

36. Quegh. 

65. 

Tooh. 

8. Leeh. 

37. Sah. 

66. Teh. 

9. Neh. 

38. Quah. 

67- 

Tsah I 

10. Mooh. 

39. Gnaugh (nasal.) 68. Un (French 

11. Keeh. 

40. Kaah. 

69 . 

Neh. 

12. Yeeh. 

41. Tsahn. 

70. 

-. 

13. Seeh. 

42. S-ahn. 

71. 

Tsooh. 

14. Clanh, 

43. Neeh. 

72. 

Mah. 

15. Ah. 

44. Kah. 

73. 

Clooh. 

16 . Luh. 

45. Taugh, 

74. 

Haah. 

17- Leh. 

46. Keh. 

75. 

Hah. 

18. Hah. 

47. Taah. 

76. 

Meeh. 

19- Woh. 

48. Kahn. 

77. 

Clah. 

20. Cloh. 

49. Weeh. 

78. 

Yah. 

21. Tah. 

50. Eeh. 

79. 

Wah. 

22. Yahn. 

51. Ooh. 

80. 

Teeli. 

23. Lanh. 

52. Yeh. 

81 . 

Clegh 

24. Hee. 

53. Un (French.) 

82. 

Naa. 

25. Ss (sibrilant.) 

54. Tun. 

83. 

Quh. 

26. Yoh. 

35. Kooh. 

84. 

Clah. 

27. Un (French.) 

56. Tsoh. 

85. 

Maah. 

28. Hoo. 

57. Quooh. 

86. 

Quhn. 

29. Gob. 

58. Noo. 




The following characters, when put together, spell u Friend” 
—y qst and are sounded thus— Keeh-naa-leh-eeh « 
i( Keeh” is sounded short; “naa,” broad; “leh,” short; and 
u eeh ” short. 


No. 5. Regulations for the civilization of the Indians . 


[circular.] 


Sir : 


Department of War, 

3d September , 1819. 


In order to render the sum of ten thousand dollars, annually Annual fund 
appropriated at the last session of Congress for the civilization 
the Indians,* as extensively beneficial as possible, the President i )e applied in 
is of opinion, that it ought to be applied in co-operation with the co-operation 
exertions of benevolent associations, or individuals, who may j^J 1 benevo- 
choose to devote their time or mpans to effect the object contem¬ 
plated by the act of congress. But it will be indispensable, in or- Conditions on 
der to apply any portion of the sum appropriated in the manner which the ap- 
proposed, that the plan of education, in addition to reading, writ- [’‘cauon will 
ing, and arithmetic, should, in the instruction of the boys, extend 
to the practical knowledge of the mode of agriculture, and of such 
of the mechanic arts as are suited to the condition of the Indians; 
and in that of the girls, to spinning, weaving, and sewing. It is 
also indispensable that the establishment should be fixed within 
the limits of those Indian nations who border on our settlements. 

Such associations, or individuals, who are already actually engag¬ 
ed in educating the Indians, and who may desire the co-opera¬ 
tion of the government, will report to the department of war, to 
be laid before the president; the location of the institutions under 
their superintendence ; their funds ; the number and kind ot 
teachers ; the number of youths of both sexs ; the objects which 
are actually embraced in their plan of education ; and the extent 
of the aid which they require; and such institutions as are formed, 
but have not gone into actual operation, will report the extent of 
their funds ; the places at which they intend to rhake their estab¬ 
lishments, the whole number of youths, of both sexes, which they 
intend to educate; the number and kind of teachers to be employ ¬ 
ed ; the plan of education adopted ; and the extent of the aid re¬ 
quired. 

This information will be necessary to enable the President to tu 

determine whether the appropriation of Congress ought to be ap- claims, and 
plied in co-operation with the institutions which may request it, distribute the 
and to make a just distribution of the sum appropriated. (und * 

In proportion to the means of the government, co-operation Government 

will aid, &c> 

* See the act making the appropriation, ante. chap. 55 . page n < 


18 

will be extended to such institutions as may be approved, as 
well in erecting necessary buildings as in their current expenses. 
I have the honor to be, 

Your most obedient servant, 

J. C. CALHOUN. 


To 


ADDITIONAL REGULATIONS. 


Department of War, 

February 29, 1820. 


The following regulations, in addition to those prescribed in 
;Tha preced- the circular of 3d September, 1819,* have been adopted, with 
mg circular. t j ie a pp r „bation of the President of the United States, to govern 
the future distribution of the sum appropriated by Congress for 
the civilization of the Indians, among individuals, or societies, 
who have established, or contemplate establishing, schools, for the 
education of Indian Children, in conformity to the above men¬ 
tioned circular, and who desire the co-operation of the govern¬ 
ment. 

Position, plan, The position selected for the establishment, a plan of the build- 
and cost of ings contemplated, with an estimate of the costs, to be submitted 
reported! ° 6 t0 the Secretary of War, to be laid before the President. 

Government will, if it has the means, and approves of the ar- 
b d tiie h oveni" ran S ement J P a >’ two-thirds of the expense of erecting the necessa- 
mentfor^uUd" *7 buildings. No part of the money to be advanced until after 
ings, and terms the buildings are commenced ; and one-fourth to be reserved un- 
of payment. til they are completed. The payment to be made on the certifi¬ 
cate of the agent of Indian affairs, for the tribe or nation in which 
the establishment is located, as to the facts of the commencement 
and completion of the buildings. 

Aid also to be The President of the United States will contribute, out of the 
given accord- annual appropriation, to such institution which may be approved 
of S pupil" Um er ? f b y bim, a sum proportionate to the number of pupils belong¬ 
ing to each, regard being had to the necessary expense of the es¬ 
tablishment, and the degree of success which has attended it. 
Payments how No advance to be made, except for the buildings, till the 
to be made. school is in actual operation; of which fact, and the number of 
pupils belonging to it, the certificate of the superintendent, or per¬ 
son having the principal control of the institution, will be suffi¬ 
cient evidence. 

Annual reports A report will be annually made for each establishment, on the 
required. 1st of October, of the number and names of the teachers, and 
other persons belonging to it. The number of students; the 
number which have completed their course, and left the institu- 


RD 


1 2.8 




19 


iion, since the first day of October, of the preceding year; the 
number entered; the amount of disbursements for the same pe¬ 
riod, and the value and description of property on hand ; which 
report will be certified by the superintendent or person having 
the principal control of the establishment. 

It is considered to be the duty of all persons who may be era- Duties of per- 
ployed, or attached to any institution, not only to set a good ex- son ? employed 
ample of sobriety, industry, and honesty, but, as fat as practica¬ 
ble, to impress on the minds of the Indians, the friendly and be¬ 
nevolent views of the government towards them, and the advan¬ 
tage to them in yielding to the policy ot the government, and co¬ 
operating with it, in such measures as it may deem necessary for 
their civilization and happiness. A contrary course of conduct 
cannot fail to incur the displeasure of the government, as it is im¬ 
possible that the object which it has in view can he effected, and 
peace be habitually preserved, if the distrust of the Indians, as to 
its benevolent views, should be excited. 

I have, &c. &c. 

J. C. CALHOUN. 






































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